What is the recipe for extra special bitter (ESB)?

 Title: Crafting an Extra Special Bitter (ESB): A Comprehensive Recipe Guide

Introduction:

The world of craft brewing is a diverse and creative landscape where brewers continually experiment with flavors and styles to produce unique and exceptional beers. One such classic and revered style is the Extra Special Bitter (ESB). Originating from England, ESB is known for its balanced malt sweetness, pronounced hop bitterness, and a delightful combination of flavors. In this comprehensive guide, we'll delve into the ingredients, brewing process, and tips to create an exceptional ESB in your own home brewery.

Ingredients:

1. Malt Base:

   • Maris Otter Pale Malt: ESBs traditionally use Maris Otter as the base malt, providing a rich and biscuity flavor. Aim for around 85-90% of the total malt bill.

   • Crystal Malt: Select a medium crystal malt (e.g., 40-60L) to add sweetness, body, and a hint of caramel notes. Use around 5-10% of the total malt bill.

2. Specialty Grains:

   • Victory Malt: Adds a toasty, biscuity character. Use around 2-5% of the total malt bill.

   • Special B Malt: For a touch of dark fruit and toffee notes, add 2-3% of Special B malt.

3. Hops:

   • East Kent Goldings: A classic English hop variety known for its floral and earthy characteristics. Use it for bittering, flavor, and aroma additions.

   • Fuggle Hops: Another traditional English hop that imparts woody and herbal notes. Ideal for late additions and dry hopping.

4. Yeast:

   • English Ale Yeast (e.g., Wyeast 1968 or White Labs WLP002): Choose a yeast strain that ferments clean, allowing the malt and hop flavors to shine. English ale yeast contributes a subtle fruity character.

5. Water:

   • Aim for a balanced water profile. Adjust the water chemistry to enhance maltiness and hop bitterness.

Brewing Process:

1. Mashing:

   • Perform a single-infusion mash around 150°F (65.5°C) for 60-75 minutes. This temperature range promotes the development of both fermentable and non-fermentable sugars, resulting in a well-rounded beer with a moderate body.

2. Boiling:

   • Follow a traditional 60-minute boil. Add bittering hops (e.g., East Kent Goldings) at the beginning of the boil for about 60 minutes. Adjust the hop schedule based on the alpha acids of your specific hops.

   • Incorporate flavor hops (mix of East Kent Goldings and Fuggle) in the last 15 minutes of the boil for a balanced hop profile.

   • Optional: Add a whirlpool hop addition post-boil for enhanced hop aroma.

3. Fermentation:

   • Cool the wort rapidly and transfer it to the fermenter.

   • Pitch the yeast at a suitable temperature for the chosen yeast strain (usually around 65-70°F or 18-21°C).

   • Ferment for 10-14 days or until fermentation is complete.

4. Dry Hopping (Optional):

   • For a more pronounced hop aroma, consider dry hopping with a combination of East Kent Goldings and Fuggle hops. Dry hop for 3-5 days before bottling or kegging.

5. Conditioning:

   • Transfer the beer to a secondary fermenter or proceed with bottling/kegging.

   • Allow the beer to condition for at least 2-3 weeks. ESBs tend to benefit from a brief aging period to allow flavors to meld and mature.

Tips for Brewing an Exceptional ESB:

1. Attention to Water Chemistry:

   • Water with a moderate sulfate-to-chloride ratio enhances hop bitterness, providing a crisper finish.

2. Temperature Control:

   • Maintain fermentation temperatures within the recommended range for the yeast strain to avoid off-flavors and ester production.

3. Quality Ingredients:

   • Invest in high-quality malt, fresh hops, and a reliable yeast strain for the best results.

4. Experiment with Hop Varieties:

   • While traditional ESBs use East Kent Goldings and Fuggle, feel free to experiment with other English or even modern hop varieties to put your own twist on the style.

Conclusion:

Brewing an Extra Special Bitter is a rewarding endeavor that allows homebrewers to showcase their skills and creativity. By carefully selecting quality ingredients, following a meticulous brewing process, and paying attention to details, you can produce an ESB that captures the essence of this classic style while incorporating your unique touch. Whether you're a seasoned homebrewer or just starting, crafting an Extra Special Bitter is a journey into the heart of traditional English ales, producing a beer that is both timeless and endlessly enjoyable.

What happens to negative retained earnings when a business closes?

 Retained earnings represent the cumulative net income that a company has earned and retained since its inception, minus any dividends distributed to shareholders. If a business is closing or ceasing its operations, the fate of its negative retained earnings depends on the specific circumstances and the legal structure of the business.

Here are a few possible scenarios:

1. Liquidation and Bankruptcy:

   • If the business is going through liquidation or bankruptcy, the assets of the company are typically used to pay off its debts. In this case, negative retained earnings would contribute to the overall liabilities of the company. Creditors may receive partial payment, but shareholders might not receive anything if the company's liabilities exceed its assets.

2. Closure and Dissolution:

   • In some cases, a business may simply close its doors without going through bankruptcy. In this scenario, the company's assets may be sold or distributed to creditors to cover outstanding debts. Negative retained earnings would still be considered a liability in the distribution of assets.

3. Debt Settlement:

   • If the company has outstanding debts, it may negotiate with creditors to settle the debts for an amount less than what is owed. The settlement terms would depend on the negotiations between the company and its creditors. Negative retained earnings could be factored into these negotiations.

4. Conversion to Positive Retained Earnings:

   • If the business is being acquired by another company or if there is a change in ownership, the acquiring entity may assume the debts and liabilities of the closing business. In some cases, the acquiring entity may be able to turn the negative retained earnings into positive retained earnings over time through improved operations or financial restructuring.

5. Shareholder Liability:

   • In certain legal structures, shareholders may be personally liable for the company's debts. In such cases, negative retained earnings could potentially lead to financial obligations for shareholders.

It's important to note that the specifics can vary based on local laws, the legal structure of the business, and any agreements in place. In any closure scenario, it's advisable for the business to consult with legal and financial professionals to ensure compliance with relevant regulations and to navigate the process appropriately.